Implicit Geolocation of Social Networking Users

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, one or more computing systems receive a request for a location prediction for a user from a service. The computing systems access one or more real-time location signals and one or more aggregated location signals. The aggregated location signals may comprise one or more previous location signals. The computing systems may then generate one or more location predictions from the one or more real-time location signals and the one or more aggregated location signals, and calculate a single location prediction for the user from the one or more location predictions. The computing systems may then send, in response to the request, the single location prediction for the user to the requesting service.

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/588,956, filed 17 Aug. 2012.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to social networking.

BACKGROUND

A social networking system, such as a social networking website, enablesits users to interact with it and with each other through the system.The social networking system may create and store a record, oftenreferred to as a user profile, in connection with a user. The userprofile may include a user's demographic information, communicationchannel information, and personal interests. The social networkingsystem may also create and store a record of a user's relationships withother users in the social networking system (e.g., via a social graph),as well as provide services (e.g., wall-posts, photo-sharing, or instantmessaging services) to facilitate social interaction between users inthe social networking system. A geo-social networking system is a socialnetworking system in which geographic services and capabilities are usedto enable additional social interactions. User-submitted location dataor geo-location techniques (e.g., mobile phone position reporting) canallow a geo-social network to connect and coordinate users with localpeople or events that match their interests. For example, users cancheck-in to a place using a mobile client application by providing aname of a place (or selecting a place from a pre-established list ofplaces). The geo-social networking system, among other things, canrecord information about the user's presence at the place and possiblyprovide this information to other users of the geo-social networkingsystem.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example social networking system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example system for the implicit geolocation ofusers of a social networking system.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example method for generating a locationprediction for a particular user.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example method for adjusting the weights of aprediction model based on user feedback.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example service utilizing an implicit locationestimate.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example slow-decay histogram.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example fast-decay histogram.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example networking environment.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example computing system.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. Itwill be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the presentdisclosure may be practiced without some or all of these specificdetails. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structureshave not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscurethe present disclosure. In addition, while the disclosure is describedin conjunction with particular embodiments, it should be understood thatthis description is not intended to limit the disclosure to thedescribed embodiments. To the contrary, the description is intended tocover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be includedwithin the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appendedclaims.

A social networking system, such as a social networking website, enablesits users to interact with it, and with each other through, the system.Typically, to become a registered user of a social networking system, anentity, either human or non-human, registers for an account with thesocial networking system. Thereafter, the registered user may log intothe social networking system via an account by providing, for example, acorrect login ID or username and password. As used herein, a “user” maybe an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business,or third party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals orentities) that interacts or communicates with or over such a socialnetwork environment.

When a user registers for an account with a social networking system,the social networking system may create and store a record, oftenreferred to as a “user profile”, in connection with the user. The userprofile may include information provided by the user and informationgathered by various systems, including the social networking system,relating to activities or actions of the user. For example, the user mayprovide his name, profile picture, contact information, birth date,gender, marital status, family status, employment, education background,preferences, interests, and other demographical information to beincluded in his user profile. The user may identify other users of thesocial networking system that the user considers to be his friends. Alist of the user's friends or first degree contacts may be included inthe user's profile. Connections in social networking systems may be inboth directions or may be in just one direction. For example, if Bob andJoe are both users and connect with each another, Bob and Joe are eachconnections of the other. If, on the other hand, Bob wishes to connectto Sam to view Sam's posted content items, but Sam does not choose toconnect to Bob, a one-way connection may be formed where Sam is Bob'sconnection, but Bob is not Sam's connection. Particular embodiments of asocial networking system allow the connection to be indirect via one ormore levels of connections (e.g., friends of friends). Connections maybe added explicitly by a user, for example, the user selecting aparticular other user to be a friend, or automatically created by thesocial networking system based on common characteristics of the users(e.g., users who are alumni of the same educational institution). Theuser may identify or bookmark websites or web pages he visits frequentlyand these websites or web pages may be included in the user's profile aswell.

The user may provide information relating to various aspects of the user(such as contact information and interests) at the time the userregisters for an account or at a later time. The user may also updatehis or her profile information at any time. For example, when the usermoves, or changes a phone number, he may update his contact information.Additionally, the user's interests may change as time passes, and theuser may update his interests in his profile from time to time. A user'sactivities on the social networking system, such as frequency ofaccessing particular information on the system, may also provideinformation that may be included in the user's profile. Again, suchinformation may be updated from time to time to reflect the user'smost-recent activities. Still further, other users or friends orcontacts of the user may also perform activities that affect or causeupdates to a user's profile. For example, a contact may add the user asa friend (or remove the user as a friend). A contact may also writemessages to the user's profile pages—colloquially known as wall-posts. Auser may also input status messages that get posted to the user'sprofile page.

A social network system may maintain social graph information, which maygenerally model the relationships among groups of individuals, and mayinclude relationships ranging from casual acquaintances to closefamilial bonds. A social network may be represented using a graphstructure. Each node of the graph corresponds to a member of the socialnetwork. Edges connecting two nodes represent a relationship between twousers. In addition, the degree of separation between any two nodes isdefined as the minimum number of hops required to traverse the graphfrom one node to the other. A degree of separation between two users canbe considered a measure of relatedness between the two users representedby the nodes in the graph.

A social networking system may support a variety of applications, suchas photo sharing, on-line calendars, and events. For example, the socialnetworking system may also include media sharing capabilities. Forexample, the social networking system may allow users to postphotographs and other multimedia files to a user's profile, such as in awall post or in a photo album, both of which may be accessible to otherusers of the social networking system. The social networking system mayalso allow users to configure events. For example, a first user mayconfigure an event with attributes including time and date of the event,location of the event and other users invited to the event. The invitedusers may receive invitations to the event and respond (such as byaccepting the invitation or declining it). Furthermore, socialnetworking system may allow users to maintain a personal calendar.Similarly to events, the calendar entries may include times, dates,locations, and identities of other users.

The social networking system may also support a privacy model. A usermay or may not wish to share his information with other users orthird-party applications, or a user may wish to share his informationonly with specific users or third-party applications. A user may controlwhether his information is shared with other users or third-partyapplications through privacy settings associated with his user profile.For example, a user may select a privacy setting for each user datumassociated with the user and/or select settings that apply globally orto categories or types of user profile information. A privacy settingdefines, or identifies, the set of entities (e.g., other users,connections of the user, friends of friends, or third party application)that may have access to the user datum. The privacy setting may bespecified on various levels of granularity, such as by specifyingparticular entities in the social network (e.g., other users),predefined groups of the user's connections, a particular type ofconnection, all of the user's connections, all first-degree connectionsof the user's connections, the entire social network, or even the entireInternet (e.g., to make the posted content item indexable and searchableon the Internet). A user may choose a default privacy setting for alluser data that is to be posted. Additionally, a user may specificallyexclude certain entities from viewing a user datum or a particular typeof user data.

Social networking system may maintain a database of information relatingto geographic locations or places. Places may correspond to variousphysical locations, such as restaurants, bars, train stations, airports,and the like. Some places may correspond to larger regions thatthemselves contain places—such as a restaurant or a gate location in anairport. In one implementation, each place can be maintained as a hubnode in a social graph or other data structure maintained by the socialnetworking system. Social networking system may allow users to accessinformation regarding each place using a client application (e.g., abrowser) hosted by a wired or wireless station, such as a laptop,desktop, or mobile device. For example, social networking system mayserve web pages (or other structured documents) to users that requestinformation about a place. In addition to user profile and placeinformation, the social networking system may maintain other informationabout the user. For example, the social networking system may supportgeo-social networking system functionality including one or morelocation-based services that record the user's location. For example,users may access the geo-social networking system using aspecial-purpose client application hosted by a mobile device of the user(or a web- or network-based application using a browser client). Theclient application may automatically access Global Positioning System(GPS) or other geo-location functions supported by the mobile device andreport the user's current location to the geo-social networking system.In addition, the client application may support geo-social networkingfunctionality that allows users to check-in at various locations andcommunicate these locations to other users. A check-in to a given placemay occur when a user is physically located at the place and, using amobile device, accesses the geo-social networking system to register theuser's presence at the place. A user may select a place from a list ofexisting places near to the user's current location or may create a newplace. The user may also provide comments in a text string when checkingin to a given place. The user may also identify one or more other usersin connection with a check-in (such as friends of a user) and associatethem with the check-in as well. An entry including a comment and a timestamp corresponding to the time the user checked in may be displayed toother users. For example, a record of the user's check-in activity maybe stored in a database. Social networking system may select one or morerecords associated with check-in activities of users at a given placeand include such check-in activity in web pages (or other structureddocuments) that correspond to a given place. For example, socialnetworking system may select the check-in activity associated with thefriends or other social contacts of a user that requests a pagecorresponding to a place. The check-in activity may also be displayed ona user profile page and in news feeds provided to users of the socialnetworking system.

Still further, a special purpose client application hosted on a mobiledevice of a user may be configured to continuously record location dataof the mobile device and send the location data to social networkingsystem. In this manner, the social networking system may be aware of theuser's location and provide various recommendations to the user relatedto places that are proximal to the user's path or that are frequented bythe user. In one implementation, a user may opt in to thisrecommendation service, which causes the client application toperiodically post location data of the user to the social networkingsystem.

However, absent an explicit statement of location from a user, such as acheck-in, or a device that transmits location data to the socialnetworking system, conventional social networking systems cannotaccurately estimate the location of a particular user. Thus, a userwishing to append location data to a piece of content, such as a statusmessage, photo, photo album, video, and the like, must either enablelocation tagging on his or her mobile device, or explicitly identify hisor her location. Such operations are time-consuming and degrade the userexperience.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example social networking system. In particularembodiments, the social networking system may store user profile dataand social graph information in user profile database 101. In particularembodiments, the social networking system may store user event data inevent database 102. For example, a user may register a new event byaccessing a client application to define an event name, a time and alocation, and cause the newly created event to be stored in eventdatabase 102. In particular embodiments, the social networking systemmay store user privacy policy data in privacy policy database 103. Inparticular embodiments, the social networking system may storegeographic and location data in location database 104. In particularembodiments, databases 101, 102, 103, and 104 may be operably connectedto the social networking system's front end. In particular embodiments,the front end 120 may interact with client device 122 through networkcloud 121. Client device 122 is generally a computer or computing deviceincluding functionality for communicating (e.g., remotely) over acomputer network. Client device 122 may be a desktop computer, laptopcomputer, personal digital assistant (PDA), in- or out-of-car navigationsystem, smart phone or other cellular or mobile phone, or mobile gamingdevice, among other suitable computing devices. Client device 122 mayexecute one or more client applications, such as a web browser (e.g.,Microsoft Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari,Google Chrome, and Opera, etc.) or special-purpose client application(e.g., Facebook for iPhone, etc.), to access and view content over acomputer network. Front end 120 may include web or HTTP serverfunctionality, as well as other functionality, to allow users to accessthe social networking system. Network cloud 121 generally represents anetwork or collection of networks (such as the Internet or a corporateintranet, or a combination of both) over which client devices 122 mayaccess the social network system.

In particular embodiments, location database 104 may store aninformation base of places, where each place includes a name, ageographic location and meta information (such as the user thatinitially created the place, reviews, comments, check-in activity data,and the like). Places may be created by administrators of the systemand/or created by users of the system. For example, a user may registera new place by accessing a client application to define a place name andprovide a geographic location, causing the newly created place to beregistered in location database 104. As discussed above, a created placemay correspond to a hub node, which an administrator can claim forpurposes of augmenting the information about the place and for creatingads or other offers to be delivered to users. In particular embodiments,system front end 120 may construct and serve a web page of a place, asrequested by a user. In some embodiments, a web page of a place mayinclude selectable components for a user to “like” the place or check into the place. In particular embodiments, location database 104 may storegeo-location data identifying a real-world geographic location of a userassociated with a check-in. For example, a geographic location of anInternet-connected computer can be identified by the computer's IPaddress. For example, a geographic location of a cell phone equippedwith cellular, Wi-Fi and/or GPS capabilities can be identified by celltower triangulation, Wi-Fi positioning, and/or GPS positioning. Inparticular embodiments, location database 104 may store a geographiclocation and additional information of a plurality of places. Forexample, a place can be a local business, a point of interest (e.g.,Union Square in San Francisco, Calif.), a college, a city, or a nationalpark. For example, a geographic location of a place (e.g., a localcoffee shop) can be an address, a set of geographic coordinates(latitude and longitude), or a reference to another place (e.g., “thecoffee shop next to the train station”). For example, a geographiclocation of a place with a large area (e.g., Yosemite National Park) canbe a shape (e.g., a circle, or a polygon) approximating the boundary ofthe place and/or a centroid of the shape. For example, additionalinformation of a place can be business hours, photos, or user reviews ofthe place. In particular embodiments, location database 104 may store auser's location data. For example, a user can create a place (e.g., anew restaurant or coffee shop) and the social networking system canstore the created place in location database 104. For example, locationdatabase 104 may store a user's check-in activities. For example,location database 104 may store a user's geographic location provided bythe user's GPS-equipped mobile device. In particular embodiments, thesocial networking system may calculate one or more routes of a userbased on the user's profile information, check-in activities, and/orgeographic location data reported by a client application (describedabove) and store the one or more routes in location database 104. Forexample, the social networking system can calculate a “commute route” ofa user between the user's home and work (as described in the user'sprofile information stored in user profile database 101) by using amapping service application such as Google Maps, or by using geographiclocation data points from the user's GPS-equipped mobile phone while theuser is driving to work. Particular embodiments herein describe methodsof estimating the geographic location of a user of the social networkingsystem from implicit factors.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example system for estimating the geographiclocation of a user of a social networking system from implicit factors.In the example of FIG. 2, social networking system front end 120 mayreceive a plurality of raw signals 201 a-j. In particular embodiments,raw signals are generated any time a particular user interacts with thesocial networking system. For example, whenever a user logs in to thesocial networking system, the social networking system may use theuser's IP address 201 d as an indicator of the user's location. Inparticular embodiments, the social networking system may utilizethird-parties to map IP addresses to geographic locations. In particularembodiments, the social networking system may connect to IP addressdatabases or regional Internet registries.

In the example of FIG. 2, particular services 209 may request locationpredictions passed from prediction module 205. For example, the“composer” service, which allows users to update their status messageswith freeform text, may request a predicted location of the user, sothat the user does not have to manually enter a location or check-in toa location. FIG. 5 illustrates an example graphical user interface 500from the composer service. In FIG. 5, user interface 500 includes aplurality of user-selectable elements to update a user's status 501,upload a photo 502, check-in to a location 503, or add a life event 504.User interface 500 may also include an option to tag other users of thesocial networking system 505, limit the privacy of the post 506, andpost the update 507. In particular embodiments, user interface 500 mayinclude predicted location 508. In the example of FIG. 5, composerservice, upon receiving a predicted location from prediction module 205that the user is in the vicinity of the city of San Francisco, mayautomatically append “Near San Francisco, Calif.” to content generatedby the user.

In particular embodiments, prediction module 205 keeps a history ofprevious location signals pertaining to a particular user. The locationhistory is a set of location signals about the particular user receivedover a period of time. To estimate the user's current location,prediction module 205 may take a weighted average of one or morelocation predictions based on real-time signals 203, one or morelocation predictions based on a fast-decay histogram 204 a, and one ormore location predictions based on slow-decay histogram 204 b. Theweights 207 utilized in the weighted average may be determined, inparticular embodiments, by a machine learning algorithm trained throughuser feedback system 211.

Raw signals 210 a-j may be initially classified as real-time signals203, or signals for aggregation in fast-decay histogram 204 a orslow-decay histogram 204 b. In particular embodiments signals receivedby the social networking system during the same session as the requestfor an estimated location from a service may be considered a “real-timesignal” 203. In particular embodiments, a session may span the length oftime that a user is logged into the social networking system. In yetother embodiments, a session may span a length of time less than theamount of time that a user is logged into the social networking system,e.g., a predetermined amount of time or a dynamically-determined amountof time corresponding to a user's activity in the social-networkingsystem. For example, if a user logs in to the social networking systemfrom a particular IP address, and accesses, during the same session, apage including the composer service, prediction module 205 may considerthe IP address raw signal and the request from service 209 to haveoccurred substantially simultaneously. In particular embodiments,signals received by the social networking system within a particularamount of time from the request by a service 209 may be considered“real-time signals” 203. For example, if a user on a mobile devicetransmits its location based on GPS processing at 12 noon, and thenaccesses a page including the composer service at 12:01 PM, predictionmodule 205 may treat the GPS location signal as a real-time signal 203.As yet another example, a user may self-update location information viaa check-in 201 e at 4 PM. If the user views a page including a service209 that requests a location update at, for example, 4:10 PM, predictionmodule may consider check-in 201 e as a real-time signal 203.

Real time signals, for example, the MAC address 201 b of the device theuser has logged in from, GPS location 201 c reported by the user'smobile device, and the IP address 201 d are generally extremelyindicative of the user's geographic location at the instant the signalis received. However, real-time signals 203 are accurate for only abrief period of time; they become “stale” very quickly. For example, ifa user travels to a particular city and his or her mobile devicetransmits its self-determined GPS location 201 c to the socialnetworking system, the social networking system cannot assume that theuser's location is GPS location 201 c even thirty minutes later. Forexample, the user may have interacted with the social networking systemfrom an airport and boarded a flight shortly thereafter. In this sense,the value of real-time signals 203 decays extremely rapidly. Inparticular embodiments, if a service 209 requests a location estimatefrom location prediction module 205, real-time signals 203 are given ahigher emphasis, or weight, the smaller the temporal distance betweenthe time of the request from service 209 and the time the real-timesignal 202 was received. Although the example system of FIG. 2 depicts aset of particular real-time signals, any suitable signal containingimplicit or explicit location data may be weighted as a real-timesignal.

In particular embodiments, some or all signals are aggregated in one ofthe two histograms 204 a or 204 b. Signal aggregator 202 may maintainone or more location histograms 204 a and 204 b to preserve previouslocation data from users for making location predictions. For example,if a user checks-in to the Eiffel Tower, and, while still logged intothe social networking system, accesses a page containing a service 209requesting an estimated location (for example, the composer service),the check-in will be considered a real-time signal 203. In the sameexample, if the user accesses the composer application immediately afterchecking-in, all his or her content will include the text “Near Paris,France.” After the user logs out, the Eiffel Tower check-in may bestored as a data point in fast-decay histogram 204 a. For example, ifthe user accesses a page including the composer service the next day,the Eiffel Tower check-in will be contained in fast-decay histogram 204a. Similarly, if the user accesses a page including the composer servicetwo weeks later, the Eiffel Tower check-in may be contained inslow-decay histogram 204 b as part of a set of aggregated location data.This disclosure contemplates any suitable time duration for categorizingsignals in fast or slow decay histograms 204 a or b. Although thisdisclosure describes two histograms, this disclosure contemplates anysuitable number of histograms.

In particular embodiments, location histograms 204 a and 204 b storelocations at a very coarse level, such as the nearest city, in order toprotect the privacy of users of the social networking system. Forexample, instead of storing the GPS longitude and latitude coordinatestransmitted by a user's mobile device, histograms 204 a and 204 b mayonly store that the user is in the city of San Francisco. As anotherexample, instead of storing the user's IP address, histograms 204 a and204 b may merely store the city or geographic area associated with theIP address range; for example, “San Jose, Calif.” Thus, in particularembodiments, user privacy is preserved through coarse location historystorage.

In particular embodiments, the social networking system may maintain alog of MAC addresses for each device used by a particular user to log-into the social networking system. In particular embodiments, each MACaddress may be associated with a particular geographic location. Inparticular embodiments, machine learning is utilized to differentiatebetween MAC addresses for devices that are mobile, and MAC addressesthat are roughly static. For example, if a particular MAC addressappears in multiple geographic locations, it is likely that the deviceis mobile, such as a mobile phone or a laptop. Conversely, if a MACaddress for a particular device is always associated with a particulargeographic location, the device may be assumed to be generally immobile,such as a desktop computer. In particular embodiments, immobile deviceMACs may be cross-referenced against other users' MAC address list toidentify shared computers, such as at public libraries or universities.In particular embodiments, a third-party MAC device database may beutilized. MAC addresses generally follow a specific encoding method;particular bytes may represent the device manufacturer and device type.In particular embodiments, the social networking system may determinewhether a MAC address is for a mobile device, such as a laptop Wi-Fichip, or for a immobile device, such as a PCI-based Ethernet networkinterface card (NIC). This disclosure contemplates any suitable methodof associating a MAC address with a particular geographic location.

In particular embodiments, slow decay histogram 204 b may includeaggregate location data 201 j, such as the total amount of time spent ina particular location. For example, slow-decay histogram may keep arunning sum of signals indicating a particular city, in order todetermine what city the user has spent the most amount of aggregate timein. However, such aggregate location statistics 201 j are notparticularly helpful for predicting a current location. For example, auser may have lived in Chicago for five years, then moved to LosAngeles. Based on aggregate location statistics 201 j, the socialnetworking system would assume that the user is still in Chicago. Thus,in particular embodiments, once data stored in fast-decay histogram 204a has gone stale, it is completely discarded.

In particular embodiments, slow-decay histogram 204 b includes a numberof predefined signals. For example, profile data signals 201 g compriselocation information pulled from a user's profile page, such as theuser's hometown or current city. In particular embodiments, otherinformation such as the user's school or employer may be used as alocation signal in slow-decay histogram 204 b. In particularembodiments, the user's listed home phone number area code may be usedas a location signal in slow-decay histogram 204 b. In particularembodiments, social graph data signals 201 h may be pulled from thesocial networking system social graph. For example, the socialnetworking system may take into account where the user's friends arelocated. As another example, the social networking system may take intoaccount where the user's family or significant other is located. Inparticular embodiments, the social networking system may take intoaccount the location of users with which the particular user interactswith the most on the social networking system. This disclosurecontemplates the use of any data available in the user's profile or fromthe social graph as location signals for slow-decay histogram 204 b.

In particular embodiments, the user's mobile IP provider's IP addressmay be utilized as a location signal in slow-decay histogram 204 b. Forexample, a user may access the social networking system from a devicethat utilizes mobile IP. As commonly known in the art, mobile IP employsa home agent that forwards packets to the user's device regardless ofwhere the user travels; thus the user maintains the same IP address (thehome agent IP address). While the use of a home agent may corruptfast-decay histograms, the home agent IP address may be leveraged as asignal for slow-decay histogram 204 b. In particular embodiments, mobileIP addresses are not logged in fast-decay histogram 204 a. Thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable means of differentiating between amobile IP address and non-mobile IP address, and any suitable treatmentof location signals derived from the mobile IP address.

As previously described, each of real-time signals 203, fast decayhistogram 204 a, and slow-decay histogram 204 b may be processed byprediction module 205. In particular embodiments, predictor 206 outputsa plurality of candidate locations. In particular embodiments,processing of real-time signals 203 and fast-decay histogram 204 a mayindicate the user is at a single city, whereas analysis of slow-decayhistogram 204 b may output the top five cities and their scores.Predictor 206 passes a plurality of candidate locations to signalconsistency check 208.

Signal consistency check 208 eliminates predictions based on a number offactors. In particular embodiments, signal consistency check 208eliminates predictions that fall outside a particular range based onreal-time signals 203. For example, if a user's IP address (one possibletype of real-time signal 203) indicates that he or she is in Paris,France, and a particular location prediction indicates that the user isoutside of a circle of predetermined radius (e.g., 400 miles) centeredin Paris, the inconsistent prediction may be eliminated. In particularembodiments, location predictions inconsistent with explicit userlocation declarations are eliminated; that is, the social networkingsystem will always take the users' word, despite other signalsindicating otherwise. For example, if a user's IP address (either fromreal-time signals or one of the fast or slow-decay histograms) indicatesthat a user is logged in from an IP address range associated with theAustin, Tex. area, but the user checks in to a Starbucks in Palo Alto,Calif., the inconsistent location predictions are eliminated. Inparticular cases, this may be due to the fact the user may be accessingthe social networking system (or entire Internet) via a remote datacenter or through a web proxy that corrupts the integrity of thelocation prediction.

In particular embodiments, a karma score may be calculated for each userthat tags or checks-in another user to a particular location. In suchembodiments, the karma score may reflect the difference in the user'sexplicit location declaration for another user, and location predictionsfor the other user. If the explicit location declaration for the otheruser is inconsistent with the other user's actual location, the karmascore for the declaring user decreases. Explicit location declarationsfor other users by users having low karma scores may be eliminated orweighted very lowly. Thus, a user who often falsely checks-in users toother locations will lose creditability to the social networking system,and his or her declarations will be relied upon less and less byprediction module 205.

Upon eliminating inconsistent signals via signal consistency check 208,prediction module 205 may calculate a single location prediction. Inparticular embodiments, the single location prediction is reached bytaking a weighted average of the real-time signal location prediction orpredictions, one or more predictions obtained from the slow-decayhistogram, and one or more predictions obtained from the fast-decayhistogram. In particular embodiments, the weights 207 utilized in theweighted average are subject to a training or feedback mechanism. Afterthe single location prediction is calculated, it is delivered to therequesting service 209.

Training and feedback mechanism 211 may, in particular embodiments,adjust weights 207 based on received user actions 210. For example, if auser decides to use a location prediction in a status update incomposer, training and feedback system 211 may interpret this action asa “positive” user action, and keep weights 207 at their current level.As another example, if the user decides to overwrite or correct thepredicted location, training and feedback system 211 may interpret thisaction as “negative” user action, and adjust weights 207 accordingly.This disclosure contemplates any suitable means of adjusting weights 207in response to user feedback.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example method for generating a locationprediction upon receiving a raw signal. At step 300, the socialnetworking system receives a raw signal. As previously disclosed, rawsignals may be any of the signals described in FIG. 2, including but notlimited to IP address, a check-in, GPS location information, and thelike.

At Step 301, location predictor module 205 receives a request from oneor more services 209. As previously discussed, services 209 may includethe composer application, that suggests locations for status updates. Inother embodiments, services 209 may include the check-in application,that suggests points of interest or places close to the predictedlocation of the user. In other embodiments, services 209 may include thephoto album application, which suggests locations for the user to assignto particular photo albums. This disclosure contemplates any number ofapplications requesting location predictions.

At Step 302, location prediction module 205 classifies the raw signal asa real-time signal for immediate processing, or a signal to be stored inone of the one or more location histograms. In particular embodiments,the determination as to whether to treat a signal as a real-time signaldepends on the amount of time that has elapsed between receiving thesignal at step 300 and the time of receiving the request at Step 301.For example, if prediction module 205 receives a check-in, and receivesa location request under five minutes later, prediction module 205 maytreat the check-in as a “real-time signal.” In particular embodiments,signals received during the same session as the request may be treatedas a real-time signal.

If a signal is to be treated as a real-time signal, it is classified atStep 303 as a real-time signal. If the signal is not classified as areal-time signal, then at Step 304 it is stored in one or more of thelocation histograms. As previously disclosed, the time between thesignal reception and the location request may be used as one factor indetermining whether to store the signal in fast-decay or slow-decayhistograms. As previously disclosed, the type of signal may be used as afactor in choosing whether to store the signal in a fast-decay or slowdecay histogram. This disclosure contemplates any suitable method ofsorting signals for storing in slow or fast-decay histograms.

At Step 305, predictor module 205 obtains one or more predictions fromone or more of the real-time signals, fast decay histogram, andslow-decay histogram. In particular embodiments, predictor module 205may simply take the X highest scored locations from one or more (oreach) of the histograms. This disclosure contemplates any suitablemethod of obtaining locations from location histograms. At Step 306,predictor module 205 refines the location predictions by eliminatinginconsistent location predictions via signal consistency check 208 aspreviously disclosed. Additionally, at Step 306, predictor modulegenerates a single location prediction for delivery to the requestingservice. In particular embodiments, as previously disclosed, the singlelocation prediction is generated by calculating a weighted average ofthe location predictions using weights 207 obtained through machinelearning. This disclosure contemplates any suitable means of generatingweights 207, such as, for example, through the use of a neural network.

Particular embodiments may repeat the steps of the method of FIG. 3,where appropriate. Moreover, although this disclosure describes andillustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 3 as occurring in aparticular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of themethod of FIG. 3 occurring in any suitable order. Furthermore, althoughthis disclosure describes and illustrates particular components,devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of FIG.3, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitablecomponents, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of themethod of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example method for training or adjusting weights207 based on user actions 210. In FIG. 4, the process may begin at Step401, where requesting service 209 presents the location predictionreceived from predictor module 205 to the user. As previously disclosed,the predicted location may be presented via a graphical user interface,as discussed with reference to FIG. 5.

At Step 402, service 209 may receive one or more actions from the user.In particular embodiments, the received action is passed from service209 to training and feedback system 211. In particular embodiments, thereceived action is passed from service 209 to predictor module 205. Thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable arrangement of hardware or softwarecomponents for processing user actions.

Various action types may be classified as positive or negative examples.For example, if the user accepts the predicted location at Step 403, theexample may be classified as positive, and the weights may not bemodified. As another example, at Step 404, if the user refines thelocation, the example may be classified as positive or negative, and theweights may be adjusted accordingly. For example, if the slow decayhistogram has a particular weight and predicts that the user's locationis San Francisco, Calif., whereas the fast-decay histogram has aparticular weight and predicts that the user's location is in San Jose,Calif., and the user corrects the predicted location from San Francisco,Calif. to San Jose, Calif., training and feedback system 211 may adjustweights 207 such that the fast-decay histogram is given a higher weight.If the user simply rejects the location by closing the locationprediction window or opting not to show the location, training andfeedback system 211 may consider the example to be a “negative” example.At Step 406, training and feedback system 211 adjusts weights 207 inresponse to the received user action.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example slow-decay histogram. In FIG. 6,particular coarse locations, such as geographic regions or cities, aredisplayed across the x axis, and the calculated score for each locationis plotted on the Y axis. In particular embodiments, each signal isassigned a particular value, and the Y axis is the sum of all the valuesfor that particular location. In particular embodiments, all signals areassigned the same value. In particular embodiments, particular signals,such as information gleaned from the user's profile, may be assigned ahigher value. In particular embodiments, the value may decrease with theage of the signal. Thus, a slow decay histogram may have a plurality ofsignals that decay at different rates. This disclosure contemplates anysuitable means for calculating scores for slow-decay histograms.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example fast-decay histogram. In FIG. 7,particular coarse locations, such as geographic regions or cities, areplotted across the x-axis, and the calculated score for each location isplotted on the Y-axis. In particular embodiments, each signal isassigned a particular value, and the Y axis is the sum of all the valuesfor that particular location. In particular embodiments, all signals areassigned the same value. In particular embodiments, particular signals,such as IP address or GPS location, are assigned higher values. In FIG.6, slow-decay histogram indicates that San Francisco and San Jose arethe most probable locations of the user, with Paris, France being thelowest probability city. In such an example, it may be possible that theuser is based out of the San Francisco bay area, but is traveling toParis. Thus, the total aggregate amount of location signals indicatingParis as the user's current location may be extremely small, but, asseen in FIG. 7, the fast decay histogram points to the user being inParis. In such an embodiment, the fast-decay histogram may be weightedhigher, and the estimated location may be Paris, France for apredetermined amount of time until the signals in the fast-decayhistogram decay.

While the foregoing embodiments may be implemented in a variety ofnetwork configurations, the following illustrates an example networkenvironment for didactic, and not limiting, purposes. FIG. 8 illustratesan example network environment 800. Network environment 800 includes anetwork 810 coupling one or more servers 820 and one or more clients 830to each other. Network environment 800 also includes one or more datastorage 840 linked to one or more servers 820. Particular embodimentsmay be implemented in network environment 800. For example, socialnetworking system frontend 120 may be written in software programshosted by one or more servers 820. For example, event database 102 maybe stored in one or more storage 840. In particular embodiments, network810 is an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), alocal area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network(WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, oranother network 810 or a combination of two or more such networks 810.The present disclosure contemplates any suitable network 810.

One or more links 850 couple a server 820 or a client 830 to network810. In particular embodiments, one or more links 850 each includes oneor more wired, wireless, or optical links 850. In particularembodiments, one or more links 850 each includes an intranet, anextranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet,or another link 850 or a combination of two or more such links 850. Thepresent disclosure contemplates any suitable links 850 coupling servers820 and clients 830 to network 810.

In particular embodiments, each server 820 may be a unitary server ormay be a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multipledatacenters. Servers 820 may be of various types, such as, for exampleand without limitation, web server, news server, mail server, messageserver, advertising server, file server, application server, exchangeserver, database server, or proxy server. In particular embodiments,each server 820 may include hardware, software, or embedded logiccomponents or a combination of two or more such components for carryingout the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by server820. For example, a web server is generally capable of hosting websitescontaining web pages or particular elements of web pages. Morespecifically, a web server may host HTML files or other file types, ormay dynamically create or constitute files upon a request, andcommunicate them to clients 830 in response to HTTP or other requestsfrom clients 830. A mail server is generally capable of providingelectronic mail services to various clients 830. A database server isgenerally capable of providing an interface for managing data stored inone or more data stores.

In particular embodiments, one or more data storages 840 may becommunicatively linked to one or more servers 820 via one or more links850. In particular embodiments, data storages 840 may be used to storevarious types of information. In particular embodiments, the informationstored in data storages 840 may be organized according to specific datastructures. In particular embodiment, each data storage 840 may be arelational database. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces thatenable servers 820 or clients 830 to manage, e.g., retrieve, modify,add, or delete, the information stored in data storage 840.

In particular embodiments, each client 830 may be an electronic deviceincluding hardware, software, or embedded logic components or acombination of two or more such components and capable of carrying outthe appropriate functions implemented or supported by client 830. Forexample and without limitation, a client 830 may be a desktop computersystem, a notebook computer system, a netbook computer system, ahandheld electronic device, or a mobile telephone. The presentdisclosure contemplates any suitable clients 830. A client 830 mayenable a network user at client 830 to access network 830. A client 830may enable its user to communicate with other users at other clients830.

A client 830 may have a web browser 832, such as MICROSOFT INTERNETEXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or moreadd-ons, plug-ins, or other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOOTOOLBAR. A user at client 830 may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)or other address directing the web browser 832 to a server 820, and theweb browser 832 may generate a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)request and communicate the HTTP request to server 820. Server 820 mayaccept the HTTP request and communicate to client 830 one or more HyperText Markup Language (HTML) files responsive to the HTTP request. Client830 may render a web page based on the HTML files from server 820 forpresentation to the user. The present disclosure contemplates anysuitable web page files. As an example and not by way of limitation, webpages may render from HTML files, Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language(XHTML) files, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) files, according toparticular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts such as, forexample and without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT, JAVA,MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and scripts suchas AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the like. Herein,reference to a web page encompasses one or more corresponding web pagefiles (which a browser may use to render the web page) and vice versa,where appropriate.

Particular embodiments may be implemented on one or more computersystems. FIG. 9 illustrates an example computer system 900. Inparticular embodiments, one or more computer systems 900 perform one ormore steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. Inparticular embodiments, one or more computer systems 900 providefunctionality described or illustrated herein. In particularembodiments, software running on one or more computer systems 900performs one or more steps of one or more methods described orillustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustratedherein. Particular embodiments include one or more portions of one ormore computer systems 900.

This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems900. This disclosure contemplates computer system 900 taking anysuitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation,computer system 900 may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip(SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, acomputer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computersystem, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, amainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a server, or a combination of two or more ofthese. Where appropriate, computer system 900 may include one or morecomputer systems 900; be unitary or distributed; span multiplelocations; span multiple machines; or reside in a cloud, which mayinclude one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Whereappropriate, one or more computer systems 900 may perform withoutsubstantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one ormore methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not byway of limitation, one or more computer systems 900 may perform in realtime or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods describedor illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 900 may perform atdifferent times or at different locations one or more steps of one ormore methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate.

In particular embodiments, computer system 900 includes a processor 902,memory 904, storage 906, an input/output (I/O) interface 908, acommunication interface 910, and a bus 912. Although this disclosuredescribes and illustrates a particular computer system having aparticular number of particular components in a particular arrangement,this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having anysuitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement.

In particular embodiments, processor 902 includes hardware for executinginstructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an exampleand not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor 902 mayretrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, aninternal cache, memory 904, or storage 906; decode and execute them; andthen write one or more results to an internal register, an internalcache, memory 904, or storage 906. In particular embodiments, processor902 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, oraddresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 902 including anysuitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. Asan example and not by way of limitation, processor 902 may include oneor more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or moretranslation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instructioncaches may be copies of instructions in memory 904 or storage 906, andthe instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions byprocessor 902. Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory904 or storage 906 for instructions executing at processor 902 tooperate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor902 for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor 902 orfor writing to memory 904 or storage 906; or other suitable data. Thedata caches may speed up read or write operations by processor 902. TheTLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor 902. Inparticular embodiments, processor 902 may include one or more internalregisters for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosurecontemplates processor 902 including any suitable number of any suitableinternal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 902may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-coreprocessor; or include one or more processors 902. Although thisdisclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable processor.

In particular embodiments, memory 904 includes main memory for storinginstructions for processor 902 to execute or data for processor 902 tooperate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system900 may load instructions from storage 906 or another source (such as,for example, another computer system 900) to memory 904. Processor 902may then load the instructions from memory 904 to an internal registeror internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor 902 mayretrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cacheand decode them. During or after execution of the instructions,processor 902 may write one or more results (which may be intermediateor final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor902 may then write one or more of those results to memory 904. Inparticular embodiments, processor 902 executes only instructions in oneor more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 904 (asopposed to storage 906 or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one ormore internal registers or internal caches or in memory 904 (as opposedto storage 906 or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may eachinclude an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 902 tomemory 904. Bus 912 may include one or more memory buses, as describedbelow. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units(MMUs) reside between processor 902 and memory 904 and facilitateaccesses to memory 904 requested by processor 902. In particularembodiments, memory 904 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAMmay be volatile memory, where appropriate. Where appropriate, this RAMmay be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, whereappropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. Thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 904 may include one ormore memories 904, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describesand illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates anysuitable memory.

In particular embodiments, storage 906 includes mass storage for data orinstructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage 906may include an HDD, a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc,a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB)drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage 906 may includeremovable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage906 may be internal or external to computer system 900, whereappropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 906 is non-volatile,solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage 906 includesread-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may bemask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM),electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM),or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. Thisdisclosure contemplates mass storage 906 taking any suitable physicalform. Storage 906 may include one or more storage control unitsfacilitating communication between processor 902 and storage 906, whereappropriate. Where appropriate, storage 906 may include one or morestorages 906. Although this disclosure describes and illustratesparticular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage.

In particular embodiments, I/O interface 908 includes hardware,software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communicationbetween computer system 900 and one or more I/O devices. Computer system900 may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. Oneor more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a personand computer system 900. As an example and not by way of limitation, anI/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse,printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen,trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination oftwo or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors.This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitableI/O interfaces 908 for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface 908 mayinclude one or more device or software drivers enabling processor 902 todrive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface 908 may includeone or more I/O interfaces 908, where appropriate. Although thisdisclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, thisdisclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface.

In particular embodiments, communication interface 910 includeshardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces forcommunication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) betweencomputer system 900 and one or more other computer systems 900 or one ormore networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communicationinterface 910 may include a network interface controller (NIC) ornetwork adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-basednetwork or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicatingwith a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosurecontemplates any suitable network and any suitable communicationinterface 910 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation,computer system 900 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personalarea network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of theInternet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portionsof one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As anexample, computer system 900 may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN)(such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAXnetwork, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitablewireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computersystem 900 may include any suitable communication interface 910 for anyof these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 910 mayinclude one or more communication interfaces 910, where appropriate.Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particularcommunication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitablecommunication interface.

In particular embodiments, bus 912 includes hardware, software, or bothcoupling components of computer system 900 to each other. As an exampleand not by way of limitation, bus 912 may include an AcceleratedGraphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry StandardArchitecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT)interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBANDinterconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro ChannelArchitecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, aPCI-Express (PCI-X) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA)bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, oranother suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus 912may include one or more buses 912, where appropriate. Although thisdisclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosurecontemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.

Herein, reference to a computer-readable storage medium or media mayinclude one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits(ICs) (such, as for example, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) oran application-specific IC (ASIC)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid harddrives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs),magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppydisk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs),RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards, SECURE DIGITAL drives, or any othersuitable computer-readable storage medium or media), or any suitablecombination of two or more of these, where appropriate. Acomputer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may bevolatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile,where appropriate.

Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicatedotherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B”means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicatedotherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unlessexpressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,”unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.

This disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations,alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that aperson having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Moreover,although this disclosure describes and illustrates respectiveembodiments herein as including particular components, elements,functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may includeany combination or permutation of any of the components, elements,functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere hereinthat a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or systemor a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to,capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative toperform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system,component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated,turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or componentis so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, oroperative.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising, by one or more computingsystems: receiving, from a service, a request for a location predictionfor a user; accessing one or more real-time location signals and one ormore aggregated location signals, wherein each of the one or moreaggregated location signals comprises one or more previous locationsignals; generating a plurality of current location predictions from theone or more real-time location signals and the one or more aggregatedlocation signals; calculating a single location prediction for the userfrom the plurality of current location predictions; and sending, inresponse to the request, the single location prediction for the user tothe requesting service.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one ormore real-time location signals comprise the user's last IP address. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more real-time locationsignals comprise a self-declared user location.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more real-time location signals comprise locationsignals received during a same session as the location predictionrequest from the service.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one ormore real-time location signals comprise location signals receivedwithin a predetermined time from a time the location prediction requestis received from the service.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the oneor more aggregated location signals comprise a fast-decay histogram anda slow decay histogram, and wherein the fast-decay histogram comprisesreceived location signals of a first type, and the slow-decay histogramcomprises received location signals of a second type.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: filtering the plurality of locationpredictions based on a set of rules, wherein the set of rules comprisesfiltering out location predictions that exceed a predeterminedgeographic radius from a location associated with the user's IP address.8. The method of claim 1, the calculating a single location predictioncomprising calculating a weighted average for the plurality of locationpredictions, wherein a weight of each prediction is based at least inpart on a source of signals from which the prediction was generated. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the source of the signals comprisesreal-time signals, a fast-decay histogram, and a slow-decay histogram,and wherein the weight for each source is determined via a machinelearning algorithm.
 10. One or more computer-readable non-transitorystorage media in one or more computing systems, the media embodyinglogic that is operable when executed to: receive, from a service, arequest for a location prediction for a user; access one or morereal-time location signals and one or more aggregated location signals,wherein each of the one or more aggregated location signals comprisesone or more previous location signals; generate a plurality of currentlocation predictions from the one or more real-time location signals andthe one or more aggregated location signals; calculate a single locationprediction for the user from the plurality of current locationpredictions; and send, in response to the request, the single locationprediction for the user to the requesting service.
 11. The media ofclaim 10, wherein the one or more real-time location signals comprisethe user's last IP address.
 12. The media of claim 10, wherein the oneor more real-time location signals comprise a self-declared userlocation.
 13. The media of claim 10, wherein the one or more real-timelocation signals comprise location signals received during a samesession as the location prediction request from the service.
 14. Themedia of claim 10, wherein the one or more real-time location signalscomprise location signals received within a predetermined time from atime the location prediction request is received from the service. 15.The media of claim 10, wherein the one or more aggregated locationsignals comprise a fast-decay histogram and a slow decay histogram, andwherein the fast-decay histogram comprises received location signals ofa first type, and the slow-decay histogram comprises received locationsignals of a second type.
 16. The media of claim 10, the calculating asingle location prediction comprising calculating a weighted average forthe plurality of location predictions, wherein a weight of eachprediction is based at least in part on a source of signals from whichthe prediction was generated.
 17. A system comprising: one or moreprocessors; and a memory coupled to the processors comprisinginstructions executable by the processors, the processors being operablewhen executing the instructions to: receive, from a service, a requestfor a location prediction for a user; access one or more real-timelocation signals and one or more aggregated location signals, whereineach of the one or more aggregated location signals comprises one ormore previous location signals; generate a plurality of current locationpredictions from the one or more real-time location signals and the oneor more aggregated location signals; calculate a single locationprediction for the user from the plurality of current locationpredictions; and send, in response to the request, the single locationprediction for the user to the requesting service.
 18. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the one or more real-time location signals comprisethe user's last IP address.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the oneor more real-time location signals comprise a self-declared userlocation.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the one or more real-timelocation signals comprise location signals received during a samesession as the location prediction request from the service.